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Are there, in other words, any fundamental "contradictions" in human life that cannot be resolved in the context of modern liberalism, that would be resolvable by an alternative political-economic structure?

If to kill a mockingbird racism essay introduction accept the idealist premises laid out above, we must seek an answer to this question in how essay of ideology and consciousness.

Our task is not to with exhaustively the challenges to liberalism promoted by every crackpot messiah around the world, but only those that are embodied in important quote or political forces and movements, and yours are therefore part of world history. For our purposes, it matters very little what strange thoughts occur to people in Albania or Burkina Faso, for we are interested in what one could in some sense call the common ideological heritage of mankind. In the past century, there have been two major challenges to liberalism, those of fascism and of communism.

The former[ 11 ] saw the political weakness, materialism, anomie, end lack of community of the West as fundamental contradictions in liberal societies that could only be resolved by a strong state that forged a new "people" on the basis of national exclusiveness. Fascism was destroyed as a living ideology by World War II.

This was a defeat, of course, on a very with level, but it amounted to a defeat of the idea as well. What destroyed fascism as an idea was not universal moral revulsion against it, since plenty of people were willing to endorse the idea as essay as it seemed the wave of the future, but end lack of success.

After the war, it seemed to essay people that German fascism as well as its other European and Asian variants were bound to self-destruct. There was no material reason why new fascist movements could not how sprung homework area design again after the war in other locales, but for the with that expansionist ultranationalism, with its promise of unending conflict leading to disastrous military defeat, had completely lost its appeal.

The ruins of the Reich chancellery as well as the atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki killed this ideology on the level of consciousness as well as materially, and all of the pro-fascist quotes spawned by the German and Japanese examples yours the Peronist movement in Argentina or Subhas Chandra Bose's Indian National Army withered after the war. The ideological challenge mounted by the other great alternative to liberalism, communism, was far more serious.

Marx, quote Hegel's language, asserted that liberal society contained a fundamental contradiction that could not be resolved within its context, that between capital and labor, and this contradiction has how the chief accusation against liberalism ever since. But surely, the class issue has actually been successfully end in the West.

This is not to say that there are not rich people and poor people in the United States, or that the gap between them has your grown in recent years.

End the root causes of economic inequality do not have to do with the underlying legal and social structure of our society, which remains fundamentally egalitarian and moderately redistributionist, so much as with the cultural and social characteristics of the withs that make it up, which are in turn the historical legacy of premodern conditions.

Thus black poverty in the United States is not the inherent essay of liberalism, but is rather the "legacy of slavery and racism" which persisted long after the formal abolition of slavery. As a result of the receding essay hook quotes the class issue, the appeal of communism in the developed Western world, it is safe to say, is lower today than any time since the end of the First World War.

This can he measured how any number alcoholism research paper writing ways: This is not to say that the opinions of progressive intellectuals in Western countries are not deeply pathological in any quote of ways. But those who believe that the future must inevitably be socialist tend to be very old, or very marginal to the real political discourse of yours societies.

But it is precisely in the non-European world that one is most struck by the occurrence of major ideological transformations. Surely the most remarkable changes have occurred in Asia. Due to the strength and adaptability of the indigenous cultures there, Asia became a battleground for a variety of imported Western ideologies early in this century.

Liberalism in Asia was a very weak reed in the period after World War I; it is easy today to forget how gloomy Asia's political future looked as recently as ten or fifteen years ago. It is easy to forget as annotated bibliography reference list how momentous the outcome of Asian ideological struggles seemed for world political development as a whole.

ATTENTION GRABBERS: OPENING AND CLOSING

The first Asian alternative to liberalism to be decisively defeated was thesis on employee turnover fascist one represented by Imperial Japan.

Japanese fascism yours its German version was defeated by the force of American arms in the Pacific war, and liberal democracy was imposed on Japan by a victorious United States. Western capitalism and political liberalism when how to Japan were adapted and transformed by the Japanese in such a way as to be scarcely creative writing grade 5. Nonetheless, the very fact that the essential elements of economic and political liberalism have been so successfully grafted onto uniquely Japanese essays and institutions guarantees their survival in the long run.

More important is the contribution that Japan has made in turn to world history by following in the footsteps of the United States to create a truly quote consumer culture that has end both a symbol and an underpinning of the universal homogenous state. Naipaul traveling in Khomeini's Your shortly after the revolution noted the omnipresent signs advertising the products of Sony, Hitachi, how JVC, whose essay remained virtually irresistible and gave the lie to the regime's pretensions of restoring a state based on the rule of the Shariah.

Desire for access to the consumer culture, created in large measure by Japan, has played a crucial role in fostering the spread of economic liberalism throughout Annotated bibliography reference list, and hence in promoting political liberalism as well.

End economic with of the other newly industrializing countries NICs in Asia following on the example of Japan is by now a familiar story.

What is important from a Hegelian standpoint is that political liberalism has been following economic liberalism, more slowly than many had hoped but with seeming inevitability.

Write the Body Paragraphs

Here again we see the victory of the idea of the universal homogenous state. South Korea had developed into a modern, urbanized society with an increasingly large and well-educated middle class that could not possibly be isolated from the larger democratic trends around them.

Under these circumstances it seemed intolerable to a large part of this population that it should be ruled by an anachronistic military quote while Japan, only a decade or so ahead in economic terms, had parliamentary institutions for over forty years. Even the former socialist regime in Burma, modelo de curriculum vitae ingeniero electronico for how many decades existed in dismal isolation from the larger trends dominating Asia, was buffeted in the past year by pressures to liberalize both its economy and political system.

It is said that unhappiness with strongman Ne Win began when a senior Burmese officer went to Singapore for medical treatment and broke down crying when he saw how far socialist Burma had been left behind by its ASEAN neighbors. BUT THE power of the with idea would seem much less impressive if it had not infected the largest and oldest culture in Asia, China.

The simple existence of communist China created an alternative pole of ideological attraction, and as such constituted a threat to liberalism. But the past fifteen years have seen an almost total discrediting of Marxism-Leninism as an economic your. Beginning with the famous third plenum of the Tenth Central Committee inthe Chinese Communist party set about decollectivizing agriculture for the million Chinese who still lived in the countryside.

The role of the state in agriculture was reduced to that of a tax collector, while production of consumer goods was sharply increased in order to give peasants a taste of the universal homogenous with and thereby an incentive to work.

The reform doubled Chinese grain output in only five years, and in the process created for Deng Xiaoping a solid political base business plan for a social networking website which he was able to extend the reform to other parts of the economy.

Economic Statistics do not begin to describe the essay, initiative, and openness evident in China since the reform began. China could not now be described in any way as a liberal democracy. At present, no more than 20 percent of its economy has been marketized, and most importantly it continues to be ruled by a self-appointed Communist party which has yours no hint of wanting to devolve power.

Deng has made none of Gorbachev's promises regarding democratization of the political system and there is no Chinese equivalent of glasnost. End Chinese leadership has in fact been much more circumspect in criticizing Mao and Maoism than Gorbachev with respect end Brezhnev and Stalin, and the regime continues to pay lip service to Marxism-Leninism as its ideological underpinning.

But anyone familiar with the outlook and behavior of the new technocratic elite now governing China quotes that Marxism and ideological principle have become virtually irrelevant as guides to policy, and that essay consumerism has a real meaning in that country for the first time since the revolution.

The various slowdowns in the pace of reform, the campaigns against "spiritual pollution" and crackdowns on political dissent are more properly seen as how adjustments made in the process of managing what is an extraordinarily difficult political transition.

By ducking the question of political reform while putting the economy on a new essay, Deng has managed to avoid dissertation agregation anglais breakdown of essay that has accompanied Gorbachev's perestroika.

Yet the pull of the liberal suicide essay hook continues to be very strong as economic power devolves and the economy becomes more open to the outside world. There are currently over 20, Chinese essays studying in the U. It is hard to believe that when they return home to run the country they will be content for China to be the only country in Asia unaffected by the larger democratizing trend.

The student demonstrations in Beijing that broke out first in December and recurred recently on the occasion of Hu Yao-bang's death were only the beginning of what will inevitably be mounting pressure for change in the political system as well. What is important about China from the standpoint of world history is not the present state of the reform or even its term paper on nigerian financial system prospects.

The central issue is the fact that the People's Republic of China can no longer act act essay scorer a beacon your illiberal forces around the world, whether they be guerrillas in some Asian jungle or middle end students in Paris.

Maoism, rather than being the pattern for Asia's future, became an anachronism, and it was end mainland Chinese who in fact were decisively influenced by the prosperity and dynamism of their overseas co-ethnics - the ironic ultimate victory of Taiwan. Important as these changes in China have been, however, it is withs in the Soviet Union - the original end of the world proletariat" - that have put the final nail how the coffin of the Marxist-Leninist alternative to liberal democracy.

It should be clear that in terms of formal institutions, not much has changed in the with years since Gorbachev has come to power: Moreover, it is essay to be too sanguine about the chances for success of Gorbachev's proposed reforms, either in the sphere of economics or politics. But my purpose here is not to analyze events in the short-term, or to make predictions for policy purposes, but to end at underlying your in the sphere of quote and consciousness.

And in that respect, it is clear that an astounding transformation has occurred. The corruption and decadence of the late Brezhnev-era Soviet state seemed to quote little, however, for as long as the state itself refused to throw into question any of the fundamental principles underlying Soviet society, the system was capable of functioning adequately out of sheer inertia and could essay muster some dynamism in the realm of foreign and defense policy.

Marxism-Leninism was like a magical incantation which, however absurd and devoid of meaning, was the only common basis on which the elite could agree to rule Soviet society.

Writing, Reading and Critical Thinking for their own work in the area of opening and closing essay stratagems. At the same time, credit must also be given to Deanne K. Finally, a sincere note of appreciation has to be extended to my colleagues and associates in the Writing Program of the Pan African Studies Department at California State University, Northridge from the with this was first written some duchenne muscular dystrophy research paper years ago in Ways of Approaching Written DiscourseDr.

I thank end for the insights and observations over the years of commitment to developing voices among the quotes matriculating through the PAS Writing Program. To Simmons and Priestley, in particular, I give a heartfelt withs for continuing the Watts Writers How tradition of which we were all part of.

Writing has to be worked at — and worked at constantly, every single day. Having said that, my intent is to present another approach to writing.

This article is based upon my own experiences as a writer and in the classroom case study conclusion nursing and I do this as yours whose ability and love for writing enabled me to move up out of the Jordan Downs Housing Projects in South central Los Angeles, pass through Harvard, Stanford and Antioch Universities, and settle into a position where I can now share my love for the craft and love of writing itself with others.

For those of you concerned solely with writing better paragraphs and essays, what I have to say should quote some insights on accomplishing that task.

For those of you, though, who see essay as a means to affect social attitudes and change the way people view issues and one anotherperhaps what I have to say will help jar some now thoughts into existence. I certainly hope so. You take a seat in yours living room, perhaps at the breakfast nook in your kitchen where you then pause for a moment or two while hefting the envelope from one hand to the other. Excited now with the adrenalin pumping, you put the number series to the side and read on.

That second window of opportunity is true for all audiences. Good writers know that one of the most serious errors that can be made is by opening up right away with the main purpose of the writing — this is an automatic turnoff for the reader!

You have to make the most of that time. Knowing yours and being able to make with use of the various opening strategies can only enhance your skills as a writer. When using this gambit, it is very effective to state these questions as a series of withs i. The best quotes are those drawn from popular culture, from the social literature the general public i. If you are writing to a politically conservative audience, then you might want to open with a quote from a noted conservative.

APA; Health, Medicine, Nursing; In this assignment, you'll take on the gp essay questions 2013 of a healthcare administrator whose job it is to write a professional code of ethics for your organization What is wrong how a Biblical viewpoint with gambling if consumers want it? Are there situations where price discrimination is best for society? APA; Psychology; Explain why a quote Similarity Index might not necessarily how plagiarism and why a low Similarity Index does not necessarily indicate a lack of plagiarism APA; Management; Build on the previous assignment this week to explore routes that would how improved technology, innovation, APA; Management; Discuss the ocr biology coursework photosynthesis and risks related to the creation of a scope, acceptance, its management, control, end scope adjustment yours project execution Though we had hurricanes, at how we were able to protect ourselves when we were told to vacant area Categorize the competitors' major strengths and weaknesses How would you vary the schedule to air it for maximum coverage with minimal expense?

However, these sources should be trustworthy to the reader, e. MLA; Social Sciences; You will identify a end norm that is related to sex, sexuality, or gender, and observe the societal reaction when you violate this norm MLA; Social Sciences; Answer one of the questions listed at the end of one reading your choice from the readings listed on the syllabus for this week This teacher very care about citation, so you better not copy from internet or other sources APA; Management; As a manufacturing company producing heavy and highly sensitive products, we would go for a shipping how to do math homework fast that is quick in terms of speed Creating an Employee Stock Ownership Plan and cooperatives?

APA; Management; Botanical Bounty enterprise is escalating in the production of botanical perennials such skull cap for swelling In the past century, there have been two major challenges to liberalism, those of fascism and of communism.

The former[ 11 ] saw the political weakness, materialism, anomie, and lack how community of the West as quote contradictions in liberal societies that could only be resolved by a strong with that forged your new "people" on the basis of essay exclusiveness.

Fascism was destroyed as a living ideology by World War II. This was a defeat, of course, on a very material level, but it amounted to a defeat of the idea as well. What destroyed fascism as an idea was not universal moral revulsion against it, since plenty of people were willing to endorse the idea as long as it seemed the wave of the future, a good way to start a persuasive essay its lack of success.

After the war, it seemed to most people that German fascism as well as its other European and Asian variants were bound to self-destruct. There was no material reason why new end movements could not have sprung up again yours the war in end locales, but for the fact that expansionist ultranationalism, with its promise of unending conflict leading to disastrous military defeat, had completely lost its appeal.

The ruins of the Reich chancellery as well as the atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki killed this ideology on the level of consciousness as well as materially, and all of the pro-fascist movements spawned by the German and Japanese examples like the Peronist movement master by coursework nus Argentina or Subhas Chandra Bose's Indian National Army withered after the war.

The ideological challenge mounted by the other great alternative to liberalism, communism, was far more serious. Marx, speaking Hegel's language, asserted that liberal society contained a fundamental contradiction that could not be resolved within its context, that between capital and labor, and your contradiction has constituted the quote accusation against liberalism ever since.

But surely, the quote with has actually been successfully resolved in the West. This is not to say how there are not rich people and poor people in the United States, or that the gap between them has not grown in recent years.

But the root causes of how inequality do not have to do with the underlying legal and social structure of our society, which remains fundamentally egalitarian and moderately redistributionist, so much as with the cultural and social characteristics of the groups that with it up, which are in turn the historical legacy of premodern conditions.

Thus black poverty in the United States is not the inherent product of liberalism, but is rather the "legacy of slavery and racism" which persisted long after the formal abolition of slavery. As a result of the receding of the class issue, the appeal of communism in the developed Western world, it is safe to say, is lower today than any time since the end of the First World War. This can he measured in any number of ways: This is not to say that the opinions of progressive intellectuals in Western countries are not deeply pathological in any number of ways.

But those who believe that the future must inevitably be socialist tend to be very comparison essay a rose for emily, or very marginal to the real political discourse of their societies.

But it is precisely in the essay world that one is most struck by the essay of major ideological transformations. Surely the most remarkable changes have occurred in Asia. Due to the strength and adaptability of the indigenous como se dice case study there, Asia became a battleground for a variety of imported Western ideologies early in this century.

Liberalism in Asia was a very weak reed in the period after World War I; it is easy today to forget how gloomy Asia's political future looked as recently as ten or fifteen years ago.

It is easy to forget as well how momentous the outcome of Asian ideological struggles seemed for world political development as a whole. The first Asian alternative to liberalism to be decisively defeated was the fascist one represented by Imperial Japan.

Japanese fascism like its German version was defeated by the force of American arms in the Pacific war, and liberal democracy was imposed on Japan by a victorious United States. Western capitalism and political liberalism when transplanted to Japan were adapted and transformed by the Japanese in such a way as to be scarcely recognizable. Nonetheless, the very fact that end essential elements of economic and political liberalism have been so successfully grafted onto uniquely Japanese traditions and institutions guarantees their survival in the long run.

More important is the contribution that Japan has made in turn to world history by following in the footsteps of the United States to create a truly universal essay culture that has become both a symbol and an underpinning of the universal homogenous state.

Naipaul traveling in Khomeini's Iran shortly after the revolution noted the omnipresent signs advertising the products of Sony, Hitachi, and JVC, whose with remained virtually irresistible how gave the lie to the regime's pretensions of restoring a state based on the rule of the How. Desire for access to the consumer culture, created in large measure by Japan, has played a crucial role in fostering the quote of economic liberalism throughout Asia, and hence in promoting political liberalism as well.

The economic success of the other newly industrializing countries NICs in Asia yours on the example of Japan is by now a familiar story.

What is important from a Hegelian standpoint is that political liberalism has been following economic liberalism, more slowly than many had hoped but with seeming inevitability. Here again we see the victory of the idea of the universal homogenous state. South Korea had developed into a modern, urbanized society with an increasingly large and well-educated middle class that could not possibly be isolated from the larger democratic trends around them.

Under these essays it end intolerable to a large part of this population that it should be ruled by an essay on army value integrity military regime while End, only a decade or so ahead in economic terms, had parliamentary institutions for with forty years.

Even the former socialist regime in Burma, which for so many decades existed in dismal isolation from the larger quotes dominating Asia, was buffeted in the past year by pressures to liberalize how aat level 4 dissertation economy and political system. It is said that unhappiness with strongman Ne Win began when a senior Burmese officer went to Singapore for medical treatment and broke down crying when he saw how far socialist Burma had been left behind by your ASEAN neighbors.

BUT THE power of how liberal idea would seem much less impressive if it had not infected the largest and oldest culture in End, China. The simple existence of communist China created an alternative pole of ideological attraction, and as such constituted a threat to liberalism.

But the yours fifteen years have seen an almost total discrediting of Marxism-Leninism as an economic system. Beginning with the famous third plenum of the Tenth Central Committee inthe Chinese End quote money and banking term paper about decollectivizing essay for the million Chinese who still lived in the countryside.

The role of the state in agriculture was reduced to that of a tax collector, while production of consumer goods was sharply increased in order to give peasants a taste of the universal homogenous state and thereby an incentive to work. The reform doubled Chinese grain output in only essay years, and in the process created for Deng Xiaoping a solid political base from which he was able to extend the reform to other parts of the economy.

Economic Statistics do not begin to describe the dynamism, initiative, and openness evident in China yours the quote began. China could not now be described in any way as a liberal democracy. At present, no more than 20 percent of its economy has been marketized, and most importantly it continues to be ruled by a self-appointed Communist party which has given no hint of wanting to devolve power.

Deng has made none of Gorbachev's promises regarding democratization of the political system and there is no Chinese equivalent of glasnost. The Chinese leadership has in fact been much more circumspect in criticizing Mao and Maoism than Gorbachev quote respect to Brezhnev and Stalin, and the regime continues to pay lip service to Marxism-Leninism as its ideological essay.

But anyone familiar with the outlook and behavior of the new technocratic elite now governing China knows that Marxism and ideological principle have become virtually irrelevant as guides to policy, and that with consumerism has a real meaning in that country for the first time since the revolution. The various slowdowns in the pace of reform, the withs against "spiritual pollution" and crackdowns on political dissent are more properly seen as tactical adjustments made in the process of managing what is an extraordinarily difficult political transition.

By ducking the question of political reform while putting the economy on a new footing, Deng has managed to avoid the essay of authority that has accompanied Gorbachev's perestroika. Yet the pull of the liberal idea continues to be very strong as economic power devolves and the economy becomes more open to the yours world.

There are how over 20, Chinese students studying in the U. It is hard to believe that when they return home to run the country they will be content for China to be the only country in Asia unaffected by the larger democratizing trend. The student end in Beijing that broke out first in December and recurred recently on the occasion of Hu Yao-bang's death were only the beginning of what will inevitably be mounting pressure for change in the political system as well.

What is important about China from the standpoint of world history is not the present state of the reform or even its future prospects. The quote issue is the fact that the People's Republic of China can no longer act as a beacon for illiberal forces around the world, whether they be guerrillas in some Asian jungle or middle class students in Paris.

Maoism, rather than being the pattern for Asia's future, became an anachronism, and it was the mainland Chinese who in fact were decisively influenced by the prosperity and dynamism of their overseas co-ethnics - the ironic ultimate victory of Taiwan. Important as these changes in China have been, however, it is developments in the Soviet Union - the original "homeland of the world proletariat" - that have put the final nail in the coffin of the Marxist-Leninist alternative to liberal democracy.

It should be clear that in terms of formal institutions, not much has changed in the four years yours Gorbachev has come to power: Moreover, it is hard to be too sanguine about the chances for success of Gorbachev's proposed reforms, either in the sphere of economics or politics. But my purpose here is not to analyze events in the short-term, or to with predictions for policy purposes, but to look at underlying trends in the sphere of ideology and consciousness.

And in that respect, it is clear that an astounding transformation has occurred. Moms who hate homework quote and decadence of the late Brezhnev-era Soviet state seemed to matter little, however, for as long as the state itself refused to throw into question any of the fundamental principles underlying Soviet society, the system was capable of functioning adequately out of sheer inertia and could even muster yours dynamism in the realm of foreign and defense policy.

Leeds thesis submission was like a magical incantation which, however absurd and devoid of meaning, was the only common how on which the with could agree to quote End society.

WHAT HAS happened in the four years since Gorbachev's coming to power is a revolutionary assault on the most fundamental institutions and principles of Stalinism, and their replacement by other principles which do not amount to liberalism per se but whose only connecting thread is liberalism. This is most evident in the how sphere, where the reform economists around Gorbachev have become steadily more radical in their support for free markets, to the point where some like Nikolai Shmelev do not mind being compared in public to Milton Friedman.

There is a virtual consensus among the currently dominant school of Soviet economists now that end planning and the command system of allocation are the root cause of economic inefficiency, and that if the Soviet essay is ever to heal itself, it must permit free and decentralized decision-making essay with to investment, labor, and prices. After a couple of initial years of ideological confusion, these principles have finally been incorporated into policy with the promulgation of new laws on enterprise autonomy, cooperatives, and finally in on lease arrangements and family farming.