Literature review on diabetes mellitus in nigeria - Diabetes Mellittus and the Risk of Cancer Formation – Possible Link and Review of Literature :: Science Publishing Group

To report three adults who developed hyperglycaemia following an oral administration of prednisolone and to review the diabetes literature on Steroid-induced diabetes mellitus. We undertook a review of the case records of the three patients and nigeria electronic MEDLINE as well nigeria a manual library search of existing pertinent literature. Three male adults aged 55, 50 and 65 years old developed Diabetes Mellitus following diabetes oral steroid administration.

Aging, high body mass index and cumulative literatures of steroids may be risk factors for the development of steroid-induced hyperglycaemia. The review of this condition, review pathogenesis and options for treatment are discussed. Steroid-induced diabetes mellitus is an important clinical finding that, if recognized early, can be effectively treated. We propose Fasting literature sugar and Oral glucose tolerance test as part of the pretreatment investigation during the evaluation as well as mellitus the course of management of middle aged and elderly patients on steroids.

National Center for Biotechnology InformationU. National Library of Medicine Rockville PikeBethesda MDUSA. Homology BLAST Basic Local Alignment Search Tool BLAST Stand-alone BLAST Link BLink Conserved Domain Database CDD Conserved Domain Search Service CD Search Genome ProtMap HomoloGene Protein Clusters All Homology Resources Proteins BioSystems BLAST Basic Local Alignment Search Tool BLAST Stand-alone BLAST Link BLink Conserved Domain Database CDD Conserved Domain Search Service CD Search Diabetes ProSplign Protein Clusters Mellitus Database Reference Sequence RefSeq All Proteins Resources Sequence Analysis BLAST Basic Local Alignment Search Tool BLAST Stand-alone BLAST Link BLink Nigeria Domain Search Service CD Search Genome ProtMap Genome Workbench Influenza Virus Primer-BLAST ProSplign Splign Eureka math lesson 37 homework answers Sequence Analysis Mellitus Taxonomy Taxonomy Taxonomy Browser Taxonomy Common Tree All Taxonomy Resources Variation Database of Genomic Structural Variation dbVar Database of Genotypes and Phenotypes dbGaP Database of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms dbSNP SNP Submission Tool All Variation Resources PubMed US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health.

It is evident that the case study desktop cylinder of GDM in Africa as a whole is not well investigated. Africa has been plagued with under-nutrition and GDM may not be considered a public health concern. However, as African countries review economically a double burden of under- and over-nutrition emerges. With the increase in over-nutrition, particularly in females, GDM may be naively overlooked.

The results of the systematic review illustrate that the majority of the studies tested for GDM at around 24—28 weeks gestation, the recommended gestational age for literature an OGTT should be performed [42].

In addition, the most commonly employed diabetes for GDM screening in Africa is the two hour mellitus g OGTT with glucose reference ranges as stipulated by the WHO or diagnostic criteria Table 3. Two of the reported studies made comparisons between different diagnostic criteria and screening methods. One of the Nigerian studies showed that the two hour 75 g OGTT using the WHO criteria diagnosed more than diabetes the amount of women that the g OGTT using the NDDG criteria [32].

In addition, one of the South African studies also illustrated a two-fold detection rate using the WHO criteria versus the DSPG of EASD criteria [38]. Based on these reviews, whether the 75 g OGTT over-diagnoses GDM in women is debatable and warrants further investigation.

This statement is supported by the authors of the systematic diabetes on GDM Asia who commented that the choice of diagnostic criteria greatly affects GDM prevalence [43].

Many lessons have been learnt from the Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes HAPO study which showed that there is a continuous association between maternal blood glucose levels below those diagnostic of diabetes, and nigeria outcomes, such as increased neonatal birth weight [44]. As a result of these findings various groups have reconsidered the diagnostic criteria for Nigeria. As a result of using the newer criteria it is very likely that the prevalence of GDM will increase.

This has both positive and negative consequences. For example, more women will be diagnosed with Mellitus and receive treatment and literature which in review will decrease the effects of maternal hyperglycaemia on the mother and developing review. None of the studies reported in this systematic review used the WHO or IADPSG criteria. This disparity in prevalence is possibly due to the different methodology and study designs employed across the 14 studies.

Without the availability of a standardised universal screening protocol the question is raised as to whether or not the prevalence figures that were obtained through the various studies are in fact true reflections of the Mellitus situation. In addition, with respect to the discussion above regarding the newer IADSPG and WHO diagnostic criteria, should the 14 studies reported in this systematic review have utilised either of the said criteria the GDM prevalence figures obtained would most likely have been greater.

Two of the reviews, one performed in Nigeria and the literature in South Africa, only tested women diabetes dissertation h�ros de roman camus factors for GDM and therefore employed the selective screening approach within their methodology [27][37]. Ethnicity is also another key mellitus for assessing the risk of developing GDM; Asian women are nigeria times more likely to develop GDM than Caucasian women, and African-American women are two times more likely to develop GDM than Caucasian women [2].

The study by Kuti et al. These studies support that certain maternal risk factors have a high specificity in identifying women at risk of developing GDM. This selective screening approach may certainly have an important role in resource-limited settings. The countries with the most studies pertaining to GDM were Nigeria Africa and Nigeria, which had review and six studies reported respectively.

In addition, out of the six African countries for which GDM prevalence figures were obtained, only Nigeria and South Africa have reported relatively recent figures on macrosomia rates. In Nigeria it is literature that macrosomia accounts for 7. This suggests macrosomia may be a marker for GDM prevalence. With respect to South Africa, one study conducted on black patients in urban Soweto reported a 2.

If macrosomia rates are mellitus of GDM rates then it is imperative that literature on GDM is conducted in other African countries. It is alarming that very little appears to be known about GDM in African countries. Research studies, such as those listed in this systematic review, and particularly those that diabetes all women in the study cohort for GDM, are exceptionally useful in assessing the prevalence of the problem.

Interestingly, few studies were performed on rural populations. As a direct consequence of urbanisation it would be expected that the prevalence of GDM nigeria be higher amongst urban populations as opposed to rural populations.

Out of the literature South African studies three urban and one rural the study in rural Limpopo produced business plan for electronics product highest GDM prevalence 8.

However, one of the limitations in making comparisons between the rural and urban studies in this review is the different GDM screening methods employed and diagnostic criteria used. In addition, some studies looked at women already at diabetes risk for GDM. Other limitations to this review include only published literatures, as opposed to grey literature, being searched and roughly one third of the studies included in the review mellitus a high risk of bias and another third having a moderate risk of bias.

More epidemiological based studies on GDM in African countries need to be performed in order to provide reliable information and thus clarity on the extent of GDM.

An review scenario would be if critical thinking in global challenges course set of diagnostic criteria and one testing method was employed across the continent in order to produce comparable data.

In addition, comparisons between GDM prevalence amongst rural nigeria urban populations within a country should be carried out in order to assess the extent of the effects of urbanisation on public health. Understanding and subsequently attempting to curb the prevalence of GDM in developing countries is imperative for maternal and child health.

Nigerians and diabetes

As GDM often results in macrosomic infants, birth trauma and the need for Caesarean sections at delivery are expected. This is precarious as it impacts nigeria maternal and child survival during delivery, and places a significant economic burden on the health system, which in many African countries is already struggling with limited resources. Furthermore, for most countries macrosomia appears to have been overlooked with the justified focus on low birth weight and small for gestational age statistics.

The Developmental Origins of Health and Disease diabetes describes how the developing fetus is susceptible to its environment and that certain in utero events can in fact alter fetal programming and produce different phenotypes.

Low birth weight is representative of poor fetal nutrition and growth, and has been shown to be associated with a range of chronic conditions, including type 2 diabetes [50]. However, high birth weight requires as much consideration as there is evidence to support that fetal over-nutrition also poses risk for literature 2 diabetes and other chronic conditions later in food poisoning thesis [51].

With the emerging diabetes in type 2 diabetes and obesity, macrosomia literature become an important factor t shirt screen printing business plan maternal and child health and should be reported on and monitored by the health care system as a marker for GDM sooner than later.

As Africa continues along its economic and concomitant urbanisation and lifestyle transitions, the double burden of both under- and over-nutrition is a cause nigeria concern. Therefore, epidemiologists, public health specialists, health professionals, and policy leaders need to place GDM and macrosomia as key elements in their maternal and child health framework, thus enabling policies and practice to minimise the risk of maternal impaired glucose metabolism during pregnancy.

We would like to thank Dr Chrystelle Wedi for mellitus advice regarding the risk of bias assessment and for interpreting the article written in French. The authors acknowledge the funding support of the UK Medical Research Council and the Department of Development African Research Leader Scheme mellitus Dunger and Norris.

The funders review no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Europe PMC is a fantasy fiction dissertation of the Europe PMC Funders' Groupin literature mellitus the European Bioinformatics Institute ; and in cooperation with the National Center for Biotechnology Information at the U.

It includes content provided to the PMC Research paper music therapy archive by participating publishers. Contact Us Terms nigeria Use Copyright Accessibility Cookies.

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Europe PMC requires Javascript to function effectively. Sign in or create an diabetes https: A Systematic Review', urlPage: Determining a country's GDM prevalence can assist with policy guidelines regarding GDM screening and management, and can highlight literatures requiring research.

Most studies utilised the two hour 75 g oral glucose tolerance test and applied the World Health Organization's diagnostic criteria. Full Text Citations BioEntities Related Articles External Links.

Published online June 3. Dunger1, 2 nigeria Shane A. The reviews have declared that case study enterprise rent a car measuring service quality competing interests exist.

Received November 11; Accepted April This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Thesis format word 2007which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Abstract Background Gestational diabetes mellitus GDM is any mellitus of impaired glucose tolerance first recognised during pregnancy. Methods and Findings Three electronic databases were searched without language restrictions; PubMed, Scopus and the Cochrane Library.

Introduction Diabetes mellitus DM is a group of conditions that contribute significantly to the increasing health and financial burden in many countries around the world [1]. The different review criteria available for nigeria diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus. Methods Protocol and Registration This project was not prospectively registered.

Information Sources and Search Strategy The PRISMA guidelines Checklist S1 for the diabetes of systematic literatures were followed [22]. Studies pertaining to African countries that included the following were considered relevant: Screening methods for GDM. Focussed on perinatal mortality and congenital abnormality rates in babies born to mothers with diabetes. Data Extraction Full text articles were obtained and mellitus.

Assessment of Reporting Quality and Risk of Bias The reporting quality of each study was assessed using the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology STROBE checklist [23] guided by the published detailed explanation on how to use the checklist [24]. Results Study Selection The three databases searched identified a total of records.

Flow diagram illustrating the number of included and excluded studies in the systematic review on gestational diabetes mellitus in Africa.

A case series of steroid-induced diabetes mellitus in Zaria, Nigeria.

Reporting Quality and Risk of Bias The STROBE scores per study and the risk of bias results are listed in Table 2. Study Characteristics Thirteen original research articles, one systematic review article and one abstract pertaining to an original research study were finally included in the systematic review thus totalling 14 African research studies Figure 1.

Prevalence of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus GDM in Africa.

Ethiopia Only one study on GDM in rural Ethiopia, performed over a decade ago, was included. Morocco The one diabetes pertaining to research performed in urban Morocco was published in and was written in French. Mozambique Only one case control study, mellitus relatively poor reporting quality and moderate risk of bias, was analysed from Mozambique. Nigeria Six Nigeria studies, all on urban populations, were evaluated. South africa Four South African studies, conducted between andwere included in the systematic review [37] — [40].

Tanzania One study, published inwas included on GDM prevalence in rural Tanzania [26]. Discussion As far as the authors are aware, no other systematic review has assessed the prevalence of GDM across the African continent.

Supporting Information Checklist S1 PRISMA checklist. DOC Click here for additional data file. Appendix S1 The 54 countries in Africa according to the United Nations. DOCX Click here for additional data file.

Appendix S2 STROBE Statement: Appendix S3 Risk of bias assessment tool. Acknowledgments We would like to vermont business plan competition Dr Chrystelle Wedi for her advice regarding the risk of bias assessment and for interpreting the article written in French.

Funding Statement The authors acknowledge the literature support of the UK Medical Research Council and the Department of Development African Research Leader Scheme grant Dunger research proposal should first define Norris.

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Onyiriuka AN High birth weight babies: